Photoshop:
Photoshop is a piece of software by Adobe and is one of the leading image editing software to date. Photoshop has many useful features for graphical designers. You can merge images seamlessly and this creates a panorama. A busy graphic designer can customize their keyboard shortcuts to allow them to get the most out of photoshop and to help them work more efficiently. for first time designers or people who are just using Photoshop for the first time, the newer version of Photoshop has a History Log, this keeps track of your editing history and should you forget how to create an effect or perform a technique you have before, you can look at the history log and view how you did it step by step.
Illustrator:
Illustrator is also another tool by Adobe, except Illustrator is more about "creating" images and drawing things rather than editing photos as such. It is mainly a vector based program and the images are saved as vector images although when they are displayed on the screen they are rasterised, or bitmapped. If the image is a vector image then the image is stored as a set of instructions, that is why when you resize it, it does not pixelate. The image files are smaller thatn bitmaps as they stores all the maths behind angles, line sizes colours. The reason it is smaller than bitmaps is because rather than saving each individual pixel and what colour/shading that pixel is, it simply stores the line/angle sizes and what areas have what colours, reducing the size drastically.
There are also free alternative to Photoshop or Illustrator, for example GIMP 2. A free program that allows you to manipulate images just as well as Photoshop or Illuastrator and may even be just as powerful.
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